HYPERBOLE

                                     HYPERBOLE

A hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration used to make a point. It is like the opposite of “understatement.” It is from a Greek word meaning “excess.”

Hyperboles can be found in literature and oral communication. They would not be used in nonfiction works, like medical journals or research papers; but, they are perfect for fictional works, especially to add color to a character or humor to the story.

Hyperboles are comparisons, like similes and metaphors, but are extravagant and even ridiculous.

  

  EXAMPLE :

 The Importance and Function of Hyperbole

Collocation

Collocation

Definition

In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,^[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent *powerful tea, this expression is considered incorrect by English speakers. Conversely, the corresponding expression for computer, powerful computers is preferred over *strong computers. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where meaning is derived, whereas collocations are mostly compositional.

Type of collocation:

1. adverb + adjective

Invading (to enter forcefully as an enemy) that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.

We entered a richly decorated room.

2. adjective + noun

The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.

The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.

3. noun + noun

Let's give Mr Jones a round of applause.

The ceasefire agreement came into effect at 11am.

4. noun + verb

The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.

Snow was falling as our plane took off.

5. verb + noun

The prisoner was hanged for committing murder.

I always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed.

6. verb + expression with preposition

We had to return home because we had run out of money.

At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears.

7. verb + adverb

She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.

Mary whispered softly in John's ear.

Conclusion:

Collocation adalah dua atau lebih kata-kata yang sering digunakan bersama untuk membentuk satu kesatuan makna.

Ada beberapa Jenis Collocation dan cara pembentukannya, yaitu:

• Adverb + Adjective
• Adjective + Noun
• Noun + Noun
• Noun + Verb
• Verb + Noun
• Verb + Expression With Preposition
• Verb + Adverb

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocation

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.

www.dictionary.com/browse/collocation

SYNONIMS,ANTONIMS,HOPENYM

Synonyms

Synonyms are words that have the same or very similar meaning. All words can have a synonym. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions can have a synonym as long as both words are the same part of speech.

Examples of Synonyms

Adjectives: beautiful, lovely, gorgeous, stunning, striking

Nouns: House, home, dwelling, residence, abode, quarters

Verbs: jump, bound, leap, hop, skip

Prepositions: in, inside, within

Antonyms

Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example, the antonym of long is short. Often words will have more than one antonym but as with synonyms it depends on the context. For instance, the word warm could have the antonym cool or chilly. In order to choose the correct antonym, you have to look at all the meanings and how the word is used. Cool can mean stylish as well as chilly so the word cool may not be the best choice.

Types of Antonyms

1.      Graded antonyms are word pairs that have variations between the two opposites. For example, big and little are antonyms but there are a lot of changes before you get to the opposite meaning. Like this:

Big, huge, bulky, full-size, slight, petite, little Other examples are:

a.       Sane and crazy

b.      Rich and poor

c.       Cool and hot

d.      Wet and dry

e.       Late and early

f.       Ignorant and educated

2.      Relational antonyms are pairs that have a relationship. Each word wouldn’t exist without the other. There can’t be a parent without a child or it’s either all or nothing. Other examples include:

a.       Servant and master

b.      Borrow and lend

c.       Come and go

d.      Toward and away

e.       Divisor and dividend

f.       Parent and child

3.      Complimentary antonyms are word pairs that have no degree of meaning. There are only two opposite possibilities. Example  :

a.       Leave and arrive

b.      Pre and post

c.       Question and answer

d.      Single and married

e.       Hired and fired

f.       Brother and sister

g.      Before and after

4.      Adding a Prefix

Sometimes, an antonym can be easily made by adding a prefix.
Examples of antonyms that were made by adding the prefix “un” are:

a.        Likely and unlike

b.      Able and unable

By adding the prefix “non” you can make these pairs:

a.       Entity and nonentity

b.      Conformist and nonconformist

Lastly, adding the prefix “in” can make the following pairs:

a.       Tolerant and intolerant

b.      Decent and indecent

c.       Discreet and indiscreet

d.      Excusable and inexcusable

Homonym

Is the state or phenomenon that shows  the relationship  between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.

Two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ in meaning. Generally, the term homonym refers both to homophones (words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings, such as pair and pear) and to homographs (words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, such as "bow your head" and "tied in a bow").

The example :

clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin, are hyponyms because they are " musical instruments " but there is not a single word meaning  " musical instrument " that has these  words as its hyponyms

Accordingly homonym divided into two :

1.      Homophone

Homophone is a words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings. Example:

§  patience/patients

§  some/sum

§  knap/nap

§  knead/kneed/need

§  knead/kneed/need

§  knight/night

§  desert /dessert

2.      Homograph

Homographs are words with different pronunciation, meanings and origins but the same spelling. 

Example :

§  wave – move the hand in greeting OR sea water coming into shore

§  wound – past tense of wind OR to injure

§  fine - very good/sharp or keen/delicate or subtle/a sum of money paid to settle a matter

§  refuse - waste or garbage/to reject or decline to accept

§  contract - an agreement/to get, acquire or incur

§  learned – past tense of learn OR knowledgeable

METAPHOR,SMILE,AND SYMBOLS

METAPHOR,SMILE,AND  SYMBOLS

Metaphor Definition

Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

      Examples of Metaphor from Common Speech

Many common sayings are metaphors. Here are just a few examples:

• Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.
• It was raining cats and dogs.
• Never look a gift horse in the mouth.
• People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
• A watched pot never boils.

    Examples of Metaphors

Here are some examples of metaphors:

• She is a fox.
• Dave is a bad apple.
• His face was a blue moon pocked with craters.
• Her eyes were darting searchlights, scanning the room for her rival.
• An icy stare

Metaphors are not always easy to spot. They are not always in the form "A = B" like the first four examples above. Sometimes, a metaphor is an adjective that modifies a noun, as in the fifth example.

The bottom line is this: If something is being re-identified as (i.e., not compared to) something that it literally is not, then you're looking at a metaphor.

    Famous Metaphors (Examples)

Here are some metaphors by famous people:

• Conscience is a man’s compass.

(Dutch post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh, 1853-1890)

• All religions, arts, and sciences are branches of the same tree.

(Theoretical physicist Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)

• All at once he was alone in this noisy hive with no place to roost.

(Tom Wolfe)

Funny Metaphors (Examples)

Here are some funny metaphors:

• Love is an exploding cigar we willingly smoke.
• John and Mary had never met. They were two hummingbirds who had also never met.
• True friends stab you in the front.

 

Significance of Metaphor in Literature

Metaphor is a key component of all forms of literature, including poetry, prose, and drama. This is not only because metaphor is a highly useful literary device, but also because it is such a vital part of all language and communication. Many cognitive theorists have researched and written about the importance of metaphor in the way we understand the world around us. For example, in western culture the phrase “time is money” is quite prevalent. This is not just a cliché, though; we talk about time in terms of wasting it, spending it, saving it, and so on. The metaphorical comparison of these two concepts ends up influencing the way people in cultures actually perceive time

SMILE DEFINITION

A simile is a figure of speech consisting of a comparison using like or as. Well-chosen similes can be used to enliven writing or as an alternative to description using adjectives.

   EXAMPLE OF SMILE

·         “cute as a kitten,” comparing the way someone looks to the way a kitten looks

·         “as busy as a bee” comparing someone’s level of energy to a fast-flying bee

·         "Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're going to get." comparing the uncertainty of life to the uncertainty of choosing a chocolate from a box

·         "as blind as a bat" indicating that the person cannot see any better than a bat can

Similes can be funny, serious, mean, or creative. For example,

·         She isn't as beautiful as her mother was in her youth

·         Your smile is like a flower

·         They fought like cats and dogs

·         You were as brave as a lion.

·         He is as funny as a barrel of monkeys.

·         This house is as clean as a whistle.

·         Your explanation is as clear as mud.

·        She is as thin as a toothpick.

The above patterns of simile are the most common, but there are others made with adverbs or words such as than an as if. For example,

·         He is larger than life

·         They ran as if for their lives

The uses of similes and metaphors can be confusing to people who are not fluent in a given language

because they will interpret the words literally. Also, similes and metaphors can change from region to

region, and even among groups of people, like musicians or teenagers. Sharing certain analogies can be a

common bond in a social group.

   SYMBOLS DEFINITION

       Symbols is something that represents something else by association, especially a material object used to represent something invisible or a abstract.
symbol is the use of a real object to refer to something spiritual or imagined or simply to evoke another reality. An action, person, place, word, or object can all have a symbolic meaning.

EXAMPLE OF SYMBOLS

·         The dove is the symbol of peace

·         The eagle is a symbol of the united states

·         A weighing scale is a symbol of justice